Which condition is commonly screened for using serum alpha-fetoprotein testing?

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing is primarily utilized as a screening tool for neural tube defects (NTDs) during pregnancy. AFP is a protein produced by the fetal liver, and its levels in the maternal blood can indicate the presence of certain fetal conditions. Elevated levels of AFP are associated with neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, where there is incomplete closure of the spine or skull, respectively.

The reason this screening is particularly favored for neural tube defects is that these conditions involve the fetal central nervous system and can result in significant morbidity and mortality if not identified early. By measuring AFP in the mother's blood, healthcare providers can assess the risk and, if necessary, pursue further diagnostic testing, such as ultrasound and amniocentesis, to confirm any concerns regarding fetal development.

While some other conditions are screened for during pregnancy, serum AFP is not used for detecting Down syndrome, gestational diabetes, or congenital heart defects, each of which has its own specific screening tests and methodologies.