What are the potential complications of untreated chlamydia infection in women?

Untreated chlamydia infection in women can lead to several serious complications, primarily due to its potential to ascend from the cervix into the upper reproductive tract. One of the most significant complications is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which occurs when the infection spreads to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. PID can cause severe pain, increased risk of chronic pelvic pain, and physical damage to reproductive organs.

Infertility is another major complication associated with untreated chlamydia. The damage caused by PID can result in scarring of the fallopian tubes, which can block the passage of eggs and sperm, leading to difficulty conceiving. Moreover, the scarring increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancies can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.

In contrast, the other options listed do not have a direct or well-established connection to untreated chlamydia infections. Ovarian cysts and fibroids, menstrual irregularities, endometriosis, and excessive bleeding may occur in various contexts but are not specifically complications of untreated chlamydia. Hence, the answer highlighting PID, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy encompasses